…of recurrent congestion and hospitalization. Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms of congestion Dyspnea is the dominant presenting symptom in acute decompensated heart failure and occurs…

…pressure and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical…

…rate parameters. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute heart failure necessitating inotropic or vasopressor support typically manifests in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, low cardiac…

…the acute illness The ventricular rate and its relationship to symptoms and haemodynamic status Whether heart failure is present and whether left ventricular systolic function…

…ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive…

…predominantly by atrial tissue; its midregional pro ANP assay may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active…

…cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease, particularly ascending or type A aortic dissection Myocardial free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory…

…heart failure, older age, vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure…

…natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically…

…haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure…