…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

…sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver, carotid sinus [baroreceptor] stimulation…

…In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis…

…and prognosticate survival. However, exercise stress testing must not be performed within 4 to 6 days after acute myocardial infarction. Moreover, early exercise tests should…

…in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from…

…In patients with suspected or established non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, stress testing may be considered after at least 24 hours of stabilization…

…certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI…

Cardiology Indications for pharmacologic agents Pharmacologic stress tests are indicated in the following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial…