…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

…severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem…

…the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…requiring hospitalization. Progressive sodium and fluid retention is described as a frequent mechanism of clinical deterioration and acute decompensation despite apparently effective chronic treatment. Functional…

…or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion. Fatigue. Dizziness during exertion. Discomfort in the arm, jaw, neck, or upper back. Chest discomfort…

…CABG, or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure…

…or electrical instability. Posterior infarction may occur in patients with a clinically unstable acute coronary syndrome, but the examination does not reliably establish or exclude…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…above the upper threshold. Unstable angina pectoris (UA) if troponin levels are below the threshold (i.e normal). STE ACS (ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome…