Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem…

…the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It may be acute, when serial troponin values show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…requiring hospitalization. Progressive sodium and fluid retention is described as a frequent mechanism of clinical deterioration and acute decompensation despite apparently effective chronic treatment. Functional…

…or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion. Fatigue. Dizziness during exertion. Discomfort in the arm, jaw, neck, or upper back. Chest discomfort…

…also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney…

…can help distinguish new abnormalities from chronic baseline findings, but comparison with an earlier tracing must not delay treatment when acute coronary occlusion is suspected…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…elevations on the ECG. Virtually all patients with STE ACS exhibit elevated troponin levels, and are thereby diagnosed as ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) . Chronic…