…While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) is driven by…

…severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem…

…or cardiogenic shock. Features that favour ACS rather than chronic stable angina include sudden symptom onset at rest or with minimal exertion, symptoms lasting at…

…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

…a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods, but chronic coronary disease can progress or destabilize abruptly, leading to an acute coronary…

…also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney…

…can help distinguish new abnormalities from chronic baseline findings, but comparison with an earlier tracing must not delay treatment when acute coronary occlusion is suspected…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…Stable angina pectoris is a chronic and mostly progressive disease. NSTE ACS (Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) : NSTE ACS is an acute condition that…