…been started a continuing transfusion requirement. A normal haemoglobin early on does not exclude major bleeding. In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are…

…not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected. 6. Call the…

…messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines…

…herbal remedies, contrast media and recently stopped drugs. 8. Treat sepsis, bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

…with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]. Acute overview 1. Activate the stroke call…

…present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without clear spontaneous nystagmus Cerebellar or brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke…

…is strongly associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH, dissection…

…mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is characterized by prolonged angina…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…