…producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary…

…by epicardial vasomotor dysfunction or microvascular abnormalities without obstructive epicardial disease. The non acute phase after ACS or coronary revascularization. Non acute heart failure in…

…obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction, endothelial dysfunction and epicardial coronary spasm. The…

…despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography…

…platelet rich thrombus. Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe…

…Endothelial dysfunction, coronary microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary…

…also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction…

…of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms…

…coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…or ventricular tachycardia. Prolonged spasm can cause acute myocardial infarction, including myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death…