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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening…

Cardiac tamponade causing cardiac arrest

…acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…3]. Step 1: classify by time course and triggers Syndrome Typical course Common or important causes Targeted examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset…

🟠 Antiarrhythmic drugs in acute ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation)

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…Acute: 1–14 days. Subacute: 15–90 days. Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise…

Post-Infarction Pericarditis and Dressler Syndrome

…associated pericarditis , which develops from several hours to approximately 4 days after infarction and is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction pericarditis , traditionally termed…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…and procedural factors. Temporal classification Category Timing after stent implantation Acute 0–24 hours Subacute More than 24 hours to 30 days Late More than…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…wall rupture Free wall rupture may be catastrophic or subacute. In the catastrophic form, an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise intolerance Symptoms of shock in advanced cases The presentation may be abrupt or subacute. Acute haemopericardium may cause sudden hypotension…

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