Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located…

…be addressed in a separate chapter. The following arrhythmias are discussed in this chapter: Ventricular rhythm Accelerated ventricular rhythm , which is also called idioventricular rhythm…

…blood gas and electrolytes can be interpreted, but some laboratories do not accept marrow blood in their analysers — check locally. Contraindications Peripheral venous cannula: Infection…

…coronary intervention (PCI). Complications are uncommon, but their clinical spectrum ranges from transient arrhythmias and minor access site bleeding to myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary perforation…

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

…and improves walking distance. The role of PCSK9 inhibition in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and…

Procedurer The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than…