…stenosis and without an angiographically evident flow limiting obstruction. Assessment should include: Confirmation that the treated epicardial segment is adequately expanded and not severely obstructed…

…Suggests : : Nystagmus that is purely vertical, downbeating or direction changing Central cause Nystagmus without latency that does not fatigue Central cause New headache, neck pain…

…management is different. Takotsubo syndrome and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation…

…department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The findings were as follows: The absence of a pupillary reflex demonstrated a…

…in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac…

…body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury…

…or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block [8…

…widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy Symptoms related to recurrent ischemia Symptoms associated with ventricular arrhythmias The prognosis is especially unfavorable when ischemic…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial injury may also occur without satisfying the diagnostic threshold for periprocedural MI. This distinction is clinically important…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of…

…metabolism. This is possible because cardiac myocytes store glycogen (a storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP in absence of oxygen…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency echocardiography, or any examination without a proper examination table…

…addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be…

…Blood sampling must not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected…

…The absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria, localised angio oedema or itching without compromise of the…

…sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness…

…L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 %…

…The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a…

…of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without a clear cause may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at…

…performed, fibrinolytic therapy is recommended within 12 h of symptom onset in patients without contraindications. I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary…

…cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting…

…pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a palpable abnormality does not exclude AAA. Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be…

…Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE…

…soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose…

…or absent heart sounds The triad suggests severe tamponade, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis. Pulsus Paradoxus Pulsus paradoxus is an inspiratory dec

…or cold exposure. The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes…

…syndrome and by determining the LVEF. Physical signs may be absent, particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore does not…

…clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy, comorbidities, procedural complexity, age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically…

…are: Not associated with ischaemia Associated with episodic ischaemia Associated with obligatory ischaemia Anomalies may involve the coronary ostium, origin, termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia…

…absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate the syndrome…

…spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In…

…I, V5, and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and…

…leads are unipolar or bipolar. Implantation history and current indication. Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has…

…reported in up to approximately one third of patients. Its absence therefore does not exclude the diagnosis. Findings suggesting pericardial effusion A large effusion may…

…absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…ECG finding' and considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history, not requiring further evaluation. Mobitz Type II 2nd AV block…

…Experimental angiogenic or regenerative strategies. The syndrome is clinically important not only because of persistent symptoms, but also because quality of life is often poor…

…of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended when presentation is more than 48 hours after symptom onset in the absence of persistent symptoms…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury…

…syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023…

…syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must be…

…82.4° F), while temperatures below 24° C (75.2° F) are not compatible with signs of life (Frei et al.). When hypothermia precedes cardiac…

…the opportunity is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words…

…Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i.e. ECG changes may be pronounced without any arrhythmias occurring). Plasma…

…is currently the most common indication for heart transplantation. Echocardiography can not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g…

…or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early repolarization pattern may actually not be due to early repolarization The term "early…

…varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration) in individuals with electrical axis 30° to 0°. QS complex…