Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…sign of brain death. However, the absence of pupillary light reflex immediately post cardiac arrest is more equivocal. Various pharmaceutical agents, including epinephrine—administered to…

…in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac…

…body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury…

…or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block [8…

…widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…Objective evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined as no stenosis exceeding 50% diameter reduction and/or an FFR 0.80…

…Definition and pathophysiological context Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is considered within the spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS)…

…or diffuse disease. No reflow represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention…

…include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of…

…metabolism. This is possible because cardiac myocytes store glycogen (a storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP in absence of oxygen…

…is indicative of previous myocardial infarction. U wave changes New U waves (in absence of bradycardia) may indicate ischemia. If U waves were present on…

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

…concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to consider include tension pneumothorax, traumatic…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…in approximately 10 to 20 percent of anaphylactic reactions. The absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of…

…risk categories. A significant shortcoming of the HCM Risk SCD Score is the absence of magnetic resonance imaging parameters (extent of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification…

…h of symptom onset in patients without contraindications. I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms…

…or severe bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of a pacemaker. Use of intravenous rhythm control…

…pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a palpable abnormality does not exclude AAA. Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be…

…withdrawal of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may lead to clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e.g.…

…stents. In acute ACS, aspirin should be administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods…

…heart failure syndrome and by determining the LVEF. Physical signs may be absent, particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate the syndrome…

…tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…I, V5, and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and…

…should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12…

…is 1–2 weeks after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to…

…injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease…

…requires immediate cardiological referral. B: Heart rates of ≥30 beats/min are considered normal in highly trained athletes in the absence of symptoms. C: Sinus…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

…of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended when presentation is more than 48 hours after symptom onset in the absence of persistent symptoms…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P waves [1] [2] . Stroke Risk Scores: CHA2DS2…

…the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning that only one mutated gene is…

…bedside. Heating is optimally achieved using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the absence of ECMO, both non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued…

…is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non ischemic ECG (absence of ST T changes) during chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia…

…weak. Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i.e. ECG changes may be pronounced without any arrhythmias occurring)…

…which enables testing of over 100 genes. Absence of known mutations defines the condition as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) In dilated…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has…

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…