Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It…

…in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment…

…concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)…

…department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The findings were as follows: The absence of a pupillary reflex demonstrated a…

…in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac…

…body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury…

…or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block [8…

…widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…Definition and pathophysiological context Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is considered within the spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS)…

…the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial injury may also occur without satisfying the diagnostic threshold for periprocedural MI. This distinction is clinically important…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of…

…metabolism. This is possible because cardiac myocytes store glycogen (a storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP in absence of oxygen…

…is indicative of previous myocardial infarction. U wave changes New U waves (in absence of bradycardia) may indicate ischemia. If U waves were present on…

…common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency echocardiography, or any examination without a proper examination table…

…concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to consider include tension pneumothorax, traumatic…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…The absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria, localised angio oedema or itching without compromise of the…

…sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of…

…of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without a clear cause may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at…

…performed, fibrinolytic therapy is recommended within 12 h of symptom onset in patients without contraindications. I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary…

…or severe bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of a pacemaker. Use of intravenous rhythm control…

…is clinically important because it may herald rupture and constitutes a medical emergency. Rupture may occur without preceding symptoms. Typical acute manifestations include severe pain…

…Physical Examination Prior to initiating an ACE inhibitor, it is essential to evaluate the patient's volume status. Because fluid retention can attenuate the effects…

…for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease, including those with or without previous MI. It is generally continued indefinitely unless contraindications…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently stable state. Patients may remain stable for prolonged periods…

…heart failure syndrome and by determining the LVEF. Physical signs may be absent, particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate the syndrome…

…when ACS occurs without significant obstructive CAD or when more than one potential culprit lesion is present. Clinical Indications Suspected Chronic Coronary Syndrome The decision…

…I, V5, and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and…

…leads are unipolar or bipolar. Implantation history and current indication. Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has…

…is 1–2 weeks after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to…

…absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical spectrum ranges from hypertension without…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…mechanisms PAH is a distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease…

…rate is less than 50 beats/min? A: Proceed directly to an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

…of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended when presentation is more than 48 hours after symptom onset in the absence of persistent symptoms…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and…

…syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P waves [1] [2] . Stroke Risk Scores: CHA2DS2…

…syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must be…

…with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering 28 31°C Severe hypothermia Unconscious, with signs of life <28 °C Very severe…

…the opportunity is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words…

…Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i.e. ECG changes may be pronounced without any arrhythmias occurring). Plasma…

…which enables testing of over 100 genes. Absence of known mutations defines the condition as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) In dilated…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has…

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…