…abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes…

…and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or…

…Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss of mechanical cardiac function. Results in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable…

…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…ACS and a high probability of unstable angina (UA), and patients whose initial findings are less definitive. The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of…

…in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts, rotational atherectomy, and acute MI…

…and multiple organ failure. In the absence of treatment, approximately 1 in 100 cases of preeclampsia may progress to eclampsia. Clinical presentation and symptoms The…

…pain (30%) and dyspnea (10%). The major ECG findings in ARVC are T wave inversion in V1–V3 (in the absence of right bundle branch…

…the behavior of the pacemaker at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity…

…can refine interpretation. Coronary plaque and future events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction, endothelial dysfunction and epicardial coronary spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD…

…Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion…

…include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney…

…including older adults, although older patients also have more contraindications and a greater risk of bleeding and myocardial rupture. Late presentation For patients presenting more…

…storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP in absence of oxygen. Unfortunately, glycogen yields only small amounts of ATP and glycogen…

…Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression. Figure 1. Pathological R wave progression is indicative of previous…

…the umbilicus and the fourth lumbar vertebral level. Physical examination can identify a large aneurysm as a palpable, pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a…

…Abrupt withdrawal of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may lead to clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e…

…the absence of pulmonary congestion. Patients may obtain relief by sitting forward. Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial…

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…present intermittently during the illness and, in some series, is reported in up to approximately one third of patients. Its absence therefore does not exclude…

…incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac explanation Early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident…

…PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes…

…exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence of obstructive…

…American and European guidelines assert that the ST segment must be either downsloping or horizontal. Otherwise, ischemia is unlikely to be the cause of the…

…diagnosis. With a longer expected delay and a symptom duration of less than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed…

…severity of the symptoms governs the emergency treatment Severe symptoms The following symptoms indicate hyponatraemic encephalopathy and warrant immediate treatment in the absence of another…

…and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and V6 [3…

…it suitable for assessing viability and hibernating myocardium, at the expense of higher radiation exposure and blurrier images. The absence of thallium uptake indicates non…

…itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure). To establish a diagnosis of…

…and lead configuration when records are incomplete. A full device check should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of…

…Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of…

…association between ECG changes and the risk of arrhythmia is weak. Hence, arrhythmias may occur in the absence of ECG changes and vice versa (i…

…repolarization pattern The absence of a consensus definition of early repolarization has lead to variability in prevalence figures. Overall, prevalence estimates between 1% and 18%…

…in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms…

…expertise and a dedicated multidisciplinary Shock Team. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment should establish: The ACS presentation and its urgency. The presence or absence of…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST…

…presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease may produce a similar symptom complex; in the absence of cardiac…

…Initial evaluation of bradycardia according to ABCDE. Symptoms of bradycardia Bradycardia may be an incidental and asymptomatic finding. The absence of symptoms indicates that the…

…ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P waves [1] [2] . Stroke Risk Scores: CHA2DS2…

…and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore does not exclude HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and functional limitation. Evidence of…

…patients require a mechanism based assessment rather than reassurance based solely on the absence of obstructive CAD. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical assessment The asses

…for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non ischemic ECG (absence of ST T…

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…

…2 and type 3 MI. A diagnosis of MI should not be made solely from an abnormal cTn concentration in the absence of evidence of…

…focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds, and incorporates advanced ECG interpretation, clinical context, imaging, biomarkers, and angiographic findings…

…and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The findings were as follows: The absence of a pupillary reflex demonstrated a sensitivity of…

…specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of lung tissue) and its impact on…

…and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners…

…reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to…

…high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once the patient has recovered. Pitfalls Haemolysis raises the potassium, LDH and AST and lowers the…

…SCD and determine whether an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of…

…the absence of ST segment elevation, primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction and at least one of the…

…Explanation: In the absence of symptoms, heart rates ≥30 beats/min are considered normal in highly trained athletes. Sinus rhythm should resume and bradycardia should…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…ECMO). In the absence of ECMO, both non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm…