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Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain

…The parasympathetic activity also diminishes impulse transmission in the AV node. Thus, withdrawal of parasympathetic activity results in increased heart rate and increased impulse transmission…

Statin Intolerance and Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms

…reported muscle symptoms remains uncertain. Randomized trials have shown muscle adverse event rates similar to those with placebo, whereas approximately 10% of patients in registries…

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

…state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery. Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these…

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

…of relapse upon GDMT withdrawal are fundamentally distinct from true, incident HFpEF [3] . Hemodynamically, the gold standard definition of HFpEF relies on the demonstration of…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or another sympatholytic drug. Cocaine…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying disease or substance effect, which…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…temporarily withdraw drugs that can raise the potassium. Assess the urine output and ask when the patient last passed urine. Contact intensive care in circulatory…

Nasogastric tube

…the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In…

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