…time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism…

…liver can have entirely normal transaminases. Reference ranges Interpreting the pattern Pattern Predominant Consider : : : Hepatocellular ALT and AST ↑↑, ALP normal Viral hepatitis, drugs, alcohol…

…varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic)…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…of cardiac tamponade. Causes of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The most common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous…

…acute pericarditis/myocarditis The most frequent cause of pericarditis is infections, in particular viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages…

…Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute…

…may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral suppression is maintained. A change in antiretroviral therapy is not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it…

…Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent…

…Meaning : : FEV₁ Forced expiratory volume in the first second FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…decline and increased mortality [3,4]. Do this first 1. Assess vital signs and level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen saturation and capillary glucose…

…PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over…

…60 to 65 mmHg is generally considered the minimum threshold necessary to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys…

…Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented in cases of accidental hypothermia followed by cardiac arrest…

…antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or…

…can interfere with microbiological samples. A cervical broom or a spatula plus an endocervical brush, and a liquid based sample vial. Swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea…

…the temperature criterion is not met. The first hour Step Action : : 1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation…

…should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the ECG, and serial cardiac troponin measurements…

…pattern of angina, with increasing frequency or severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with vital signs, a 12…

…patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states…

…ECG. Evaluation includes prompt measurement of vital signs and a focused examination directed toward both alternative diagnoses and high risk features of acute coronary syndrome…

…cerebral, and pulmonary tissue. Chest compressions produce perfusion of vital organs by increasing the pressure in the atria, ventricles and large vessels. This results in…