…normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be…

…disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly…

…varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic)…

…Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint…

…Blausen Gallery 2014. Causes of acute pericarditis/myocarditis The most frequent cause of pericarditis is infections, in particular viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may…

…cardiac tamponade The most common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction…

…Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum…

…liver can have entirely normal transaminases. Reference ranges Interpreting the pattern Pattern Predominant Consider : : : Hepatocellular ALT and AST ↑↑, ALP normal Viral hepatitis, drugs, alcohol…

…transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5…

…Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute…

…Methyldopa. Reserpine. Clonidine. Conditions Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (can cause permanent bradycardia, particularly anterior infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can…

…territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released…

…antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or…

…may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral suppression is maintained. A change in antiretroviral therapy is not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it…

…Meaning : : FEV₁ Forced expiratory volume in the first second FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…decline and increased mortality [3,4]. Do this first 1. Assess vital signs and level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen saturation and capillary glucose…

…60 to 65 mmHg is generally considered the minimum threshold necessary to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys…

…Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented in cases of accidental hypothermia followed by cardiac arrest…

…patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states…

…cerebral, and pulmonary tissue. Chest compressions produce perfusion of vital organs by increasing the pressure in the atria, ventricles and large vessels. This results in…