…the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests steatohepatitis or viral hepatitis…

…system. The underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral…

…dyspnoea, cough and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial…

…disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly…

…effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly…

…viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…is generally considered appropriate when triglycerides exceed 500 mg/dL to reduce this risk. The ASCVD implications of chylomicronaemia itself remain uncertain, whereas moderate HTG…

…sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes…

…volume in the first second FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…decline and increased mortality [3,4]. Do this first 1. Assess vital signs and level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen saturation and capillary glucose…

…PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over…

…preferred over SBP for the following reasons: Indicator of Organ Perfusion : MAP is a more reliable indicator of blood flow to vital organs than systolic…

…Assess life signs: Vital parameters. ECG. Capnometry (ETCO 2 ). Echocardiography bedside. Heating is optimally achieved using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the absence of ECMO…

…antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or…

…sample vial. Swabs for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma and a wet mount. Gloves, gauze swabs, a sheet to cover the patient. Before the examination: let the…

…if the temperature criterion is not met. The first hour Step Action : : 1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the…

…the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the…

…emphasize that symptoms and vital signs contribute to initial triage and that alternative cardiac and thoracic diagnoses must be considered. The immediate clinical categories include…

…than 90 mmHg—accompanied by signs of poor vital organ perfusion or frank shock states. In the specific context of perioperative care in patients with…

…prompt measurement of vital signs and a focused examination directed toward both alternative diagnoses and high risk features of acute coronary syndrome. The physical examination…

…cerebral, and pulmonary tissue. Chest compressions produce perfusion of vital organs by increasing the pressure in the atria, ventricles and large vessels. This results in…