…and Physical Examination At first medical contact, assessment should occur concurrently with acquisition of the initial ECG. Evaluation includes prompt measurement of vital signs and…

…system. The underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral…

…kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether…

…fall in systemic systolic blood pressure, termed pulsus paradoxus. Tamponade is therefore characterized haemodynamically by elevation and near equalization of diastolic pressures in the cardiac…

…common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free…

…viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The…

…limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock liver") or acute viral hepatitis. The three are distinguished by the history and the speed of the…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…of dyspnoea, cough and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection…

…infarctions). Viral myocarditis. Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system…

…PE) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65…

…100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 …

…to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea…

…through the direct activation of voltage sensitive calcium channels. At lower doses, dobutamine stimulates beta2 and alpha receptors, inducing vasodilation, decreasing aortic impedance and systemic…

…in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the ECG, and serial cardiac troponin measurements. Evaluation and physical examin

…severity Symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep Clinical assessment must be integrated with vital signs, a 12 lead ECG, and serial hs cTn measurements…

…essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or is removed by means of dialysis…

…in perfusion of cardiac, cerebral, and pulmonary tissue. Chest compressions produce perfusion of vital organs by increasing the pressure in the atria, ventricles and large…

…poisoning, withdrawal or several factors Inattention is central. A simple check is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A…

…of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO × SVR) + Central…

…transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5…

…overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial…

…be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ…