…highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations, plaque rupture typically occurs in thin cap fibroatheromas…

…Circulating monocytes bind to the upregulated adhesion molecules, transmigrate into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony…

…NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane…

…leads to increased resistance in the main pulmonary artery, and thereby increased afterload on the right ventricle. This increases the load on the right ventricle…

…and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Nitroglycerin is similar in action and pharmacokinetics…

…nodal refractoriness. Its electrophysiologic effects on the His Purkinje system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations. In most patients, the…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…regular (as is the atrial) with a rate ranging between 150 and 250 beats per minute. The P wave is not visible in most cases…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012; 83:120611. Wang CH, Huang…

…which spreads through the myocardium like a wavefront in water. Specific ion channels located on the cell membranes open and close during de and repolarization…

…Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade is possible via bedside echocardiography. This reveals pericardial fluid, suggesting hemorrhage in the context of cardiac arrest cases. Highly…

…Consequently, unipolar pacemakers yield larger stimulation artifacts on ECG (Figure 4). In bipolar pacing, the anode and cathode are both located within the heart and…

…inotropic and vasodilatory effects. The drug exerts its effects through three pharmacological mechanisms: (1) augmentation of myocardial contractility via calcium sensitization of troponin C; (2…

…Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives…

…of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words, each ECG lead is computed by analyzing the electrical currents detected…

…thereby the impulse delay in the AV node. Therefore, the ventricles will be activated (depolarized) earlier than expected, which is reflected on the ECG by…

…of piezoelectric crystals are attached to the front of the transducer (Figure 2). The crystals are connected to the ultrasound machine via electrodes. Figure 2…

…3,5]. Pathophysiology Alcohol enhances inhibitory signalling via gamma aminobutyric acid, GABA, and inhibits excitatory glutamate signalling, in part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol…

…The mixture can also be administered via a nasogastric tube. Warnings and Precautions Increased risk of bleeding, especially in patients with known elevated bleeding risk…

…on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells. Through the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi and Go, adenosine activates potassium channels (IK.Ach, K.Ado) in…

…which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava…

…hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a…

…circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain, where interneurons in the pretectal area activate the Edinger…

…to another via gap junctions. The density of gap junctions within the Purkinje network is very high, which explains the rapid impulse transmission in the…

Echocardiography Cardiac thromboembolism Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal…

…12 seconds) indicate the ventricles are depolarized via the His Purkinje system and thus the impulse originates in the atria (i.e the arrhythmia is…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…also depends on where the pacing stimulus is delivered. Typically, the lead tip is fixed apically in the right ventricle; activation starts in the right…

…which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus obtains oxygenated blood from the placenta via the inferior vena cava . Blood in the inferior vena cava…

…begins in the sinus node (sinoatrial node), where depolarization occurs through automaticity (refer to Cardiac Electrophysiology). The electrical impulse propagates through the atria via the…

…occur simultaneously. This results in the AV plane being pulled towards the apex (which is fixed to the diaphragm via the pericardial sack), while the…

…ischemia, seen in multivessel disease, exists when all coronary arteries are equally compromised, leading to uniform perfusion that may appear deceptively normal on SPECT. Detecting…

…perfusion imaging is based on the principle that myocardial blood flow demonstrates marked differences between rest and stress conditions, particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis…

…and conditions prevailing on the right side. Echocardiography is the first choice for assessing the right side of the heart, despite difficulties in visualizing it…

…the primary ECG finding is the ST segment depressions. In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the…

…no bystander is trained in CPR, the emergency dispatcher will instruct the person via telephone (referred to as telephone CPR ). Everyone in the emergency medical…

…Right coronary artery (RCA) The right coronary artery supplies the entire right ventricle via the right marginal artery (r. marginalis dx). In 90% of individuals…

…the diaphragm via pericardium and connective tissue. Therefore the apex does not move much during the cardiac cycle, despite the fact that cells in the…

…CPR) should be performed per standard guidelines. Cardiac arrests due to trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for…