…after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…patients with presyncope or syncope—especially older individuals with BBB or intraventricular conduction defects—an electrophysiology study (EPS) may be helpful if ambulatory monitoring fails…

Conduction defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle…

…with the following: Myocardial Infarction : LBBB can develop as a complication of myocardial infarction (MI) [5]. It is more frequently associated with anterior infarction than…

…pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)…

…within the ventricular cavity. The location of acute myocardial infarction refers to the area of the left ventricle When specifying the location of myocardial infarction…

…ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal…

…Therefore, current screening recommendations for athletes emphasize on measures to detect hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death among…

…Left ventricular mass and geometry Women Men Reference Mildy abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Reference Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD LV mass…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…The purpose of standardizing ventricular segmentation, arterial territories and nomenclature is to develop consistency across examinations. This is of utmost importance when assessing myocardial structure…

…s anomaly is characterized by the following malformations: The septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve adhere to the ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological…

…left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such…

…of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial territory at risk has been described as approximately 75–100…

…left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) coronary artery territories, resulting in extensive myocardial ischemia or infarction involving the anterior, septal, and lateral walls…

…narrowing of the LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract). Such narrowings are due to septal hypertrophy or subaortic membrane (Figure 2). Figure 2. (A) Septal hypertrop

…sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause…

…volume. The drawback of stroke volume as a measure of left ventricular function is that it ignores the ability of the ventricle to generate pressure…

…conduction, these rhythms typically compete which is seen on the ECG with sinus rhythm alternating with accelerated ventricular rhythm. As mentioned in the previous paragraph…

…by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements…

…patients with acute myocardial infarction were placed in beds located far away from physicians' and nurses' stations in order to not disturb the patients' rest…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricle, most often occurring in association…

…arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is discussed in this chapter because the phenomenon is frequently observed during arrhythmias. As previously discussed, all…

…entire ventricular myocardium must relax rapidly during diastole, such that the ventricle can expand (relax) and refill with blood. Although diastole may appear as a…

…and ventricular function. A large body of science has demonstrated that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole…

…a measure of the type of hypertrophy. Generally, hypertrophy is defined as wall thickness exceeding 12 mm. Thus, wall thickness 12 mm should raise suspicion…

…or ventricular rhythm (if the rate is <100 beats/min). If more than 30 consecutive beats are premature ventricular contractions it is referred to as…

…defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…gradually moves towards the endocardium. As the fibrofatty replacement progresses, the ventricular wall becomes thinner and the ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases…

Echocardiography Methods for assessing systolic function (contractile function) Several echocardiographic measurements are available to assess left ventricular systolic function. These methods elucidate slightly different aspects…

…takes longer to depolarize the large ventricular mass. It does not, however, reach 0.12 s (such significant prolongation is due to intraventricular conduction defects)…

…2) in these leads. These ECG changes were previously referred to as strain pattern because it was believed that they indicated left ventricular exhaustion. However…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC), as well as the European Society…

…Reduced ejection fraction is defined as ejection fraction <55%. This implies that left ventricular pumping capacity is reduced and it is synonymous with heart failure…

…in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal rhythm) has the following characteristics: (1) heart rate 50–100 beats per minute; (2…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…shortened if left ventricular compliance is reduced, or if left atrial pressure is increased. Figure 2. Deceleration time (DT). Diastasis The phase following the E…

…systole and diastole. Afterload is a function of the following three variables: Aortic resistance (pressure). Left ventricular volume. Ventricular wall thickness (myocardial thickness). The left…

…interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…of which waves are visible, the wave(s) that reflect ventricular depolarization is always referred to as the QRS complex . Naming of the waves in…

…interval. The primary hazard lies in long QTc intervals because they induce a very unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia referred to as torsade de pointes . Abnormally…

Echocardiography Structure and contractile function of myocardial fibers The left ventricular wall can be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen…

…medicine since the presence of wall motion abnormalities in a patient with chest pain strongly suggests myocardial ischemia as the underlying cause of the symptoms…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused by VT or VF (e.g acute or chronic myocardial ischemia, heart failure, etc…

…in the inferior wall. This finding is referred to as inferior wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial infarction, which would have implications…

…The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular tachycardia may appear more polymorphic in one lead (the…

…spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 5 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, self terminating. ECG 6 . Repeated runs of ventricular tachycardia. ECG 7 . Continued ventricular ectopy and…

…All tachyarrhythmias can cause cardiomyopathy. This also applies to frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC). As a rule, 20000 PVCs/day is required to cause cardiomyopathy…

…The formula takes into account the following variables: Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (MaxLVWT) : Hypertrophy is a hallmark of HCM and is associated with increased…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only mild obstruction may rupture, thrombose and occlude. Many acute myocardial infarctions arise from lesions…

…The end systolic and end diastolic left ventricular diameters are measured. The following formula is used to calculate fractional shortening: FS (%) = (LVEDD LVESD / LVEDD…

…1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6…