CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a PaCO₂ 6.5 kPa — a problem of ventilation. Derived measures Measure Formula…

…Notably, terminating the test due to dyspnea is associated with a worse prognosis than termination due to chest pain. Leg fatigue Leg fatigue is particularly…

…retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in…

…during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse…

…system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism …

…within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In ARDS: a tidal volume of 4–8 mL/kg ideal body weight, a plateau pressure ≤ 30…

…the patient, lowering the room temperature, a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs…

…COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support …

…indicates a severe attack, while a PEF below 33 percent or signs of ventilatory failure means life threatening illness [1,2]. Important interpretation of the…