…well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who achieve recommended exercise volumes; therefore…

…after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of…

…ischaemia Paraplegia or paraparesis Persistent or recurrent pain Hypertension that remains uncontrolled despite optimal therapy Acute type A dissection has a particularly rapid early mortality…

…Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial…

…Mobitz type 1 block generally does not progress to more advanced blocks. Should it progress to more advanced blocks, which typically is due to a…

…up the interpretation. Note that this chapter is preceded by a comprehensive discussion in the chapter Characteristics and Definitions of the Normal ECG, and the…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein…