…node and atrioventricular (AV) node are located in the atria and are not part of the ventricular conduction system. The AV node transitions into the…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI…

…As noted above, the transition from the ST segment to the T wave should be smooth. The T wave is normally slightly asymmetric since its…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…Aspirin for long term secondary prevention Standard role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease…

…conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management…

…and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting…

…ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore change over time, including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS…

…also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes…