…transducer. When the reflected sound hits the piezoelectric crystals, they begin to vibrate and generate electric currents, which are transmitted to the ultrasound machine for…

…for the sound to return to the transducer and thus calculating the distance to the structure that reflected the wave. Structures located near the transducer…

…Doppler (CW Doppler), ultrasound waves are continuously emitted from the transducer and the reflections of these waves are analyzed continuously (Figure 1). This is possible…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…Aliasing can be reduced by minimizing the distance between the transducer and the color sector (where sample volumes are recorded) and by using the smallest…

…common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency echocardiography, or any examination without a proper examination table…

…study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the frequency of ultrasound waves that are reflected back to the transducer. There are two…

…e many frames per second) is desirable because it provides better temporal resolution. Frame rate depends on several factors. The elapsed time for all ultrasound…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring dimensions. In order to obtain representative measurements…

…examination. Measurement techniques Measuring dimensions Chamber dimensions constitute key parameters of most echocardiographic examinations. For example, left ventricular size, measured as its inner diameter, is…

…applied to blood flow and tissue motions. The sound source in echocardiography (i.e the transducer) is stationary. The moving objects are instead the blood…

…volumes, and pressure conditions in the heart. These techniques allow for the calculation of all clinically relevant hemodynamic parameters, with few exceptions. Prior to the…

…regulates the global (overall) gain . Increasing the overall gain will increase the gain for all reflected sound waves, making all objects in the image whiter…