…Procedure Choice of access The ultrasound, not tradition, determines the site. Scan subxiphoid, parasternally and apically, and choose the site where the rim of fluid…

…Advantages of fractional shortening If ventricular geometry is normal and there are no regional wall motion abnormalities, then fractional shortening correlates strongly with ejection fraction…

…or supranormal ejection fraction , despite manifest heart failure and severe symptoms. These individuals exhibit pronounced hypertrophy, resulting in a reduction of ventricular volume and subsequently…

…episodes of myocardial ischemia, do not cause ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. It is clear that only a negligible fraction of all episodes of myocardial…

…Using Echocardiography: A Guide to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of…

…a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 41–49%…

…ejection fraction does not equate to normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where stroke volume is maintained only at the expense of pathologically…

…peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified…

…the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence base has emerged for coronary microvascular and vasospastic disease using coronary…