…Procedure Choice of access The ultrasound, not tradition, determines the site. Scan subxiphoid, parasternally and apically, and choose the site where the rim of fluid…

…the presence of arrhythmogenic substrates. A substrate is defined as a physiological or anatomical factor that can trigger or sustain arrhythmias, such as necrotic tissue…

…or supranormal ejection fraction , despite manifest heart failure and severe symptoms. These individuals exhibit pronounced hypertrophy, resulting in a reduction of ventricular volume and subsequently…

…the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion…

…decision making. Structural Heart Disease (SHD): Accounting for approximately 90% of all VT presentations, SHD provides the macroscopic architectural abnormalities necessary for arrhythmogenesis. Ischemic heart…

…cardiac MRI) are frequently necessary. Ischemic cardiomyopathy should be suspected if there is significant stenosis ( 75% luminal obstruction) of the left main coronary artery (LAD…

…However, the presumed relationship between viability, recovery of ejection fraction, and survival has been challenged by randomized trials. Relationship between viability and LV recovery Observational…

…with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists…

…Direct toxic effects on cardiomyocytes Disruption of intracellular signalling and protein synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated…

…For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or a CRT D is indicated…