…fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…of thyroid disease; repeat it once the patient has recovered. Pitfalls Haemolysis raises the potassium, LDH and AST and lowers the haptoglobin. A tourniquet left…

…hyoid, 2 fingerbreadths from hyoid to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage M allampati Class III–IV indicates increased risk O bstruction/Obesity Stridor…

…a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 41–49%…

…renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin…