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Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest

…Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). Cardiac arrest ensues when ventricular contractions cease or are meaningless. This immediately leads to syncope and soon death…

Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing

…due to risk of arrhythmias Severe aortic stenosis – due to risk of syncope, ischemia, and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis …

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…asystole, and bradycardia. No Flow : Circulatory standstill, circulatory flow arrest. No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…Syncope is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…Acute haemopericardium may cause sudden hypotension, syncope, or circulatory collapse. Slowly accumulating effusions may produce a large pericardial collection with initially limited symptoms because the…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias that characterize sinus node dysfunction. The conditions encircled by the term…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…discomfort. Syncope. Restlessness. Jugular venous distension. Pulsus paradoxus. The pericardium may temporarily seal the rupture, producing subacute tamponade and cardiogenic shock rather than immediate death…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…presents with J point elevation (as does Brugada syndrome, see below) and may also lead to syncope, ventricular arrhythmias, and even sudden cardiac death. However…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

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