…Signs may be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation…

…the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA and 2021…

…infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be identified [1,2]. Ask specifically about: Onset and time course. Increased dyspnoea compared with…

…management Ask specifically about: Neurological symptoms: confusion, visual loss, focal neurological signs, seizures, severe or sudden headache. Chest pain, back pain, dyspnoea, orthopnoea and new…

…presentation and symptoms Clinically important RVI is characterized by manifestations of severe right ventricular failure. Typical findings include: Jugular venous distension Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…disease pathway involves systemic and coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation associated with comorbidities. This may promote myocardial remodeling, fibrosis, impaired coronary microvascular function, and altered cardiomyocyte…

…ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or…