…mitral regurgitation, ventricular dilatation, myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction…

…which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…hyperglycemia, smoking, and turbulent hemodynamic shear stress. This dysfunction compromises the endothelial barrier, upregulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1) and…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…ACS) and non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS). The division into STE ACS and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…attention. The ventricular rate is typically very high (100–250 beats per minute) and cardiac output is affected (i.e reduced) in virtually all cases…