…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…Staging of chronic kidney disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced…

…least 12 hours Use whichever criterion gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise…

…bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are likely…

…coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery, although more than 70% of…

…mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking…

…kg. Renal impairment No dose adjustment is required, including for patients with end stage renal disease. Limited experience exists for patients with impaired renal function…

…The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest. According to Weisfeldt et al (2002) . The existence of these stages is supported by a wide range…

…does not produce the same sustained shift of water [3]. Severity of DKA The classification helps in choosing the level of care. The clinical state…

Echocardiography Aortic stenosis The aortic valve area is normally 3.0 to 4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to…