…hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn…

Echocardiography Constrictive pericarditis: the end stage of pericardial inflammation Constrictive pericarditis is the result of chronic inflammation of the pericardium. In principle, all causes of…

…Acute kidney injury (KDIGO) Stage Creatinine Urine output : : : 1 A rise ≥ 26 µmol/L in 48 h, or 1.5–1.9 × the baseline <…

…assumes a steady state. Dosing and clinical decisions should therefore be based on the whole course, not on a single eGFR. Step 1: confirm the…

…likelihood of progression to end stage renal disease; preparation for renal replacement therapy is required 5 <15 mL/min/1.73 m² Kidney failure range…

…diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73 m², an adequately up titrated loop…

…sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of…

…fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) [1] . Historically viewed as a simple plumbing problem characterized by the…

…bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are likely…

…metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and apoC III, uric acid, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, serum viscosity, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, white blood…