…48 hours Smoking 1 hour Vigorous physical exertion 30 minutes A large meal 2 hours Withholding applies only to diagnostic spirometry with a reversibility test…

…pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70). A restrictive pattern: a reduced TLC — this cannot be established with spirometry…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…