Procedurer Spirometry is the only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of…

Referensvärden Spirometry values are always interpreted against the predicted value for sex, age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score…

…alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific diagnostic pathways may be pursued. Spirometry