…result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia, sustained bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, or severe hypertension with or without left ventricular…

…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism…

…minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting. Agitation. Muscle spasm. Sweating…

…coronary spasm, thrombosis, fever, acute starvation, and dieting. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known…

…microvascular spasm; endothelial dysfunction; concealed diffuse atherosclerosis; myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive…

…are not apparent on conventional angiography. Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular angina reflects myocardial ischaemia caused…

…endothelial dysfunction and epicardial coronary spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…