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Renal parameters

…value normalised to body surface area — the difference is substantial in very small and very large people. Acute kidney injury (KDIGO) Stage Creatinine Urine output : : …

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous return can produce disproportionate increases in left ventricular and left atrial pressure. At rest, filling pressures may…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…lipoprotein and remnant clearance. The resulting atherogenic dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL cholesterol and increased small, dense LDL particles. Increased apoB containing…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…5. Use the correct cuff size. A cuff that is too small overestimates the blood pressure. 6. Repeat the measurement after a few minutes' rest…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

Echocardiography Principles of echocardiographic examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Inclisiran and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Agents

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin…

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