ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects…

…by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis). Simultaneous tricuspid regurgitation is also common. Echocardiography Echocardiography has replaced catheterization for the assessment of tricuspid…

…concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter…

…major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from…

…rebound hypertension. Withdraw slowly. • Simultaneous use of tricyclic antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke…

…originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle branch block)…

…Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes sta

…T wave inversions, without simultaneous ST segment deviation, indicate acute (ongoing) myocardial ischemia. T wave inversions without simultaneous ST segment deviation are not ischemic! However…

…from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g. sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle branch block). 2…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular…

…increases. This results in increased left ventricular load, while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients…

…must be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to activate as much myocardium simultaneously as possible; the more myocardium contracting at…

…must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary pauses [1]. The aims are, simultaneously, to: 1. terminate clinical and electrographic seizure activity…

…systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and…

…sensitisation. This process is achieved via calcium dependent binding to troponin C during systole. Simultaneously, levosimendan activates vascular smooth muscle potassium channels to produce vasodilation…

…Doppler), which is explained by the fact that the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is reduced when obtaining both a 2D image and Doppler signals simultaneously…

…Figure 1 A ). The plateau phase has a long duration which enables the majority of the ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. Since the membrane potential…

…to be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to activate as much myocardium simultaneously as possible; the more myocardium contracting at…

…orientation. As explained below, this enables the ventricle to contract in several directions simultaneously. The subendocardium is the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The…

…the high density of gap junctions. This rapid transmission ensures that the majority of the ventricular myocardium depolarizes nearly simultaneously, which is crucial for maximizing…

…therapy) may also cause tachycardias, and these devices produce slightly narrower QRS complexes (because they stimulate both ventricles simultaneously). A tachycardia with Q wave or…

…from the transducer is colored blue. The advantage of color tissue Doppler is that all myocardium is analyzed simultaneously, which makes it possible to compare…

…Below are sequential ECG recordings during a sudden cardiac arrest in a 43 year old male. Each ECG presents two leads recorded simultaneously. ECG 1 …

…causes immense strain on the ventricular myocardium, simultaneously as the cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results in electrical instability which explains…

…effect. Duplicate therapy. Check that the patient is not simultaneously on a DOAC, low molecular weight heparin and an antiplatelet agent without an indication. Interactions…

…In acute blood loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given…

…effect of probenecid. Avoid combination. Ibuprofen: May inhibit the antiplatelet effect of low dose acetylsalicylic acid when taken simultaneously. Clinical significance is unclear. Metamizole: May…

…point depression). The reason for such electrical potential difference is that not all ventricular myocardial cells will finish their action potential simultaneously. Myocardial cells which…

…related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some acute coronary events occur without an identifiable culprit…

…a lens which causes significant refraction, directing the ultrasound to an area interrogated simultaneously by other sound waves (Figure 6). The refracted ultrasound is then…

…not visible in most cases, because it is hidden within the QRS complex (the atria and the ventricles are activated simultaneously, but ventricular potentials dominate…

…Impulse conduction through the Purkinje network is very fast (4 m/s) which enables the vast majority of ventricular myocardium to be depolarized approximately simultaneously…

…are discharged from the junctional area, atria and ventricles are depolarized simultaneously and ventricular depolarization (QRS) dominates the ECG. If the atria are activated prior…

…RBBB and LBBB. Electrophysiology of right bundle branch block (RBBB) Under normal conditions, both ventricles depolarize simultaneously. However, the QRS morphology is dominated by electrical…

…or pulmonic stenosis. Heart rate . Synchronicity : Optimal contraction requires the majority of all ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. For this to be possible, the right…

…Also, note that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously (if both territories are affected by the same artery occlusion). Approximately 30% of patients…

…the sequence of activation of the piezoelectric crystals (Figure 3). By activating all crystals simultaneously, the resulting sound wave travels in a straight direction (Figure…