Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…activity. Advantages of regadenoson over adenosine Regadenoson has advantages over adenosine: Regadenoson is a selective A2A receptor agonist : A2A receptors are responsible for coronary vasodilation…

…by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness…

…marked rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension (caution during non selective beta blockade). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock. Bradycardia (second line…

…antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Patient selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration…

…delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy…

…ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for angiography and possible revascularization. Initial evaluation and…

…is heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of…

…used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS , particularly after stent implantation. In both situations…

…angiography is an invasive fluoroscopic procedure in which contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral…

…reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving anginal symptoms, while maintaining tolerability and adherence. Selection should be individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function…

…reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure…

…excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter…

…to the circulatory response and the transfusion principles below 6 Stop anticoagulants in serious ongoing bleeding. Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose…

…effective, terminating well over 99% of the ventricular arrhythmias they detect. It lies instead in patient selection. Because implantation entails appreciable cost and procedural risk…

…in the general ACS population. Clinical context and patient selection Acute coronary syndrome ACS includes ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation myocardial…

…reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must nevertheless be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk…

…PCI). Imaging can therefore influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments…

…Selection of the reperfusion strategy Primary PCI as the preferred strategy Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is preferred to fibrinolysis when the anticipated interval from…

…in appropriate patients, selection of glucose lowering therapies with demonstrated cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects…

…coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover, prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer…

…coronary artery disease (discussed below). Moreover, prognostication, selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer…

…protocol MRI of the brain DWI FLAIR mismatch can be used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and…

…next check. Interruption before an elective procedure The duration of interruption is governed by the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In…

…according to national CVD mortality rates: Low risk Moderate risk High risk Very high risk Correct selection of the country risk cluster is therefore essential…

…The likely underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype…

…This distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop…

…those with deterioration from a previously preserved LVEF. This heterogeneity is relevant to treatment selection and prognosis. Pathophysiology The defining physiological abnormality is heart failure…

…dedicated physical examination algorithm. Diagnostics Non invasive assessment of ischaemia and viability Objective evidence of ischaemia is important before elective CTO PCI. Demonstration of both…

…of patients. Evaluation and clinical assessment Clinical factors influencing treatment selection The following characteristics favour CABG when clinically and anatomically appropriate: Diabetes mellitus, particularly with…

…lead configuration when records are incomplete. A full device check should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…