…underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and…

…The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…Regadenoson has advantages over adenosine: Regadenoson is a selective A2A receptor agonist : A2A receptors are responsible for coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1…

…course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness …

…line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine Vasopressin Midodrine Noradrenaline Adrenaline, high dose Dopamine…

…antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Patient selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated…

…or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy is…

…biomarker evidence of myocardial necrosis, or severe ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for…

…most persuasive when the initial probability is high enough that the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment…

…heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection strategy. When to Initiate Pharmacological Treatment Lifestyle intervention is an essential component of care…

…The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two…

…patient selection, procedural definitions, and institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic angiography. Elective PCI has reported mortality of 0…

…microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for…

…reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes and shown to outperform visual angiographic guidance in selecting lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Non hyperemic pressure…

…a falling level of consciousness. Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute…

…Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their…

…ICDs) are highly effective, terminating well over 99% of the ventricular arrhythmias they detect. It lies instead in patient selection. Because implantation entails appreciable cost…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must nevertheless be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding…

…influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion…

…is generally accompanied by relief of ischaemic symptoms, at least 50% resolution of ST segment elevation, and haemodynamic stability. Selection of the reperfusion strategy Primary…

…selection of glucose lowering therapies with demonstrated cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting…

…selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients…

…selection of diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies have been updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients…

…to the local protocol MRI of the brain DWI FLAIR mismatch can be used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is…

…Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check. Interruption before an elective procedure…

…according to national CVD mortality rates: Low risk Moderate risk High risk Very high risk Correct selection of the country risk cluster is therefore essential…

…congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous…

…treatment selection and prognosis. Pathophysiology The defining physiological abnormality is heart failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of…

…Diagnostics Non invasive assessment of ischaemia and viability Objective evidence of ischaemia is important before elective CTO PCI. Demonstration of both significant myocardial ischaemia and…

…multivessel disease is present in approximately 80% of patients. Evaluation and clinical assessment Clinical factors influencing treatment selection The following characteristics favour CABG when clinically…

…records are incomplete. A full device check should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…