…underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention…

…pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access…

…The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation in high risk LQTS patients, emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic…

…The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines advocate for ICD implantation in high risk LQTS patients, emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…Regadenoson has advantages over adenosine: Regadenoson is a selective A2A receptor agonist : A2A receptors are responsible for coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1…

…course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness …

…Ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ischaemia. Hypertension (in patients on non selective beta blockade). Tolerance after a few days. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Shock (all types). Hypotension (all types…

…soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials. Approximately 58% increase…

…or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy is…

…segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A selective or delayed approach is recommended in…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence. Treatment response, however, is heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more individualized selection…

…bleeding. Have high ischaemic risk. Do not have a high risk of major or life threatening bleeding. Extended treatment may also be considered in patie

…procedure in which contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root…

…microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for…

…the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence base has emerged for coronary microvascular and vasospastic disease using coronary…

…a risk of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Therapeutic digoxin levels, by contrast, are no obstacle. Untreated hypokalaemia or marked electrolyte disturbance; correct these first before elective…

…Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their…

…of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a…

…The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel or ticagrelor…

…safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of lesions amenable to PCI. Stent selection must nevertheless be integrated with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding…

…a stenosis, define plaque morphology, identify occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Imaging can therefore influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection…

…including older adults, although older patients also have more contraindications and a greater risk of bleeding and myocardial rupture. Late presentation For patients presenting more…

…a greater symptom burden and AF burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with reduced AF symptoms and better maintenance of…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium to the epicardium in the affected myocardial…

…unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and does not delay treatment Saturation Give oxygen in hypoxia, not routinely to a normoxic patient…

…consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial effect Unfractionated heparin Protamine…

…according to national CVD mortality rates: Low risk Moderate risk High risk Very high risk Correct selection of the country risk cluster is therefore essential…

…congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium and water balance. They can reduce jugular venous…

…the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent several clinically distinct trajectories: A patient whose LVEF…

…before elective CTO PCI. Demonstration of both significant myocardial ischaemia and viability in the territory supplied by the occluded artery is generally accepted as a…

…within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments…

…A full device check should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…