…not calcified and therefore cannot be identified reliably by radiography. Assessment should include consideration of associated vascular disease. In patients with AAA, duplex ultrasound screening…

…second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome…

…of fasting before the test is recommended. Shoes and clothing should be suitable for exercise. Motivation is of utmost importance because the patient must perform

…calcified plaque and can assess stenosis. A major limitation is that CAC does not measure total plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may…

…of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken…

…unnoticed until adulthood. Echocardiography in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD. Echocardiography provides detailed morphological and functional information. The vast majority…

…years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The value of exercise stress testing is evident from the fact that exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary…

…is a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no account of…

…stenosis is low, screening has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms…

…severity and manifestations of disease may differ substantially among carriers. Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point in time does not reliably…