…aortic stenosis is 75 years in high income countries. In low and middle income countries, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of aortic stenosis…

…Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is virtually always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis…

…of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi, etc (Table 1). Most causes of mitral stenosis yield a progressive…

…Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : The aneurysm may compress the pulmonary outflow. Myxoma : Myxomas may compress the pulmonary outflow. Aortic aneurysm : Aortic aneurysms…

…adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a…

…may also cause aortic dissection) Trauma Vasculitis, rheumatic diseases Ehlers Danlos syndrome (may also cause aortic dissection) Subaortic membrane Endocarditis Echocardiography in aortic regurgitation 2D…

…cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure…

…The pulmonary, aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the…

…of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced…

…bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical…