…Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is insufficient. Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load…

…Rheumatic heart disease is rare in high income countries, presumably because streptococcal infections are treated very liberally. Figure 1 shows the aortic valve in PSAX…

…Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is virtually always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly mitral stenosis…

…cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and rheumatic fever. Aortic dissection rupturing into the pericardium. Idiopathic pericardial effusion. Renal failure…

…Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : The aneurysm may compress the pulmonary outflow. Myxoma : Myxomas may compress the pulmonary outflow. Aortic aneurysm : Aortic aneurysms…

…adherence, pregnancy after the first trimester under specialist care). Rheumatic mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. In uncomplicated atrial fibrillation and in ordinary venous thromboembolism, a…

…circumference of the mitral annulus. The aorto mitral curtain separates the aortic valve and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior leaflet is…

…The pulmonary, aortic and mitral valve must also be evaluated, particularly in the setting of rheumatic valvular disease. The regurgitation is considered severe if the…

…of disease progression. Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced…

…bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic), autoimmune processes (giant cell myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical…