…due to trauma In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

CPR Electrolyte imbalance and cardiac arrest Significant electrolyte imbalances can precipitate cardiac arrest and are potentially reversible etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

…is myocardial ischaemia caused by transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural…

…permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is important to distinguish persistent, reversible and intermittent bradycardia. The pathophysiology and prognosis differ for these entities. Note that the…

…a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within the context of acute coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)…

…progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to potentially reversible causes and associated cardiovascular conditions, including coronary syndromes, valvular disease…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

…carbamazepine), and various chemotherapeutic agents. In the acute setting, bradyarrhythmic cardiac arrest or asystole may result from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade…

…developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose…

…fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and ECG recordings confirming a bradyarrhythmia. Potentially reversible causes should be pursued (Table 2). Figure 1…

…as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction The causes have been discussed in each respective article. A rehearsal follows. Reversible causes of sinus…

…hypocalcaemia, calcium channel blocker poisoning 0.2 mL/kg Sodium bicarbonate 50 mmol in hyperkalaemia or tricyclic poisoning 1 mmol/kg Reversible causes: hypoxia, hypovolaemia…

…and arrhythmology Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

…rates and the loss of the atrial kick. The rapid ventricular response can lead to a reversible depression of systolic function. If the tachycardia persists…

…living, treatment goals should be individualized and discontinuation of medication may become appropriate. Frailty is potentially reversible. Management should therefore include consideration of treatable contributors…

…a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is…

…with detectable troponin. High sensitivity assays may therefore identify a continuum of myocardial injury ranging from minor or reversible injury to extensive necrosis. Causes of…

…perfused reference region. A stress induced reduction in tracer uptake that improves at rest indicates reversible hypoperfusion and is consistent with inducible ischaemia. A persistent…

…related syndromes include: Hypovolaemia Falls and syncope, particularly in older adults Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA), a rare but potentially life threatening complication A reversible early…

…this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates a need for closer clinical monitoring and aggressive modification of reversible risk factors (e.g., treating…

…arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the chain of survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of ventilation…

…is the determination of reversibility , which involves comparing stress and rest images to distinguish between: Reversible defects : Indicative of ischemia, where reduced perfusion during stress…

…common to provide the patient with a permanent pacemaker to continue optimal medical treatment. Sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction), a common cause of brady

…sodium pump. Digoxin binds reversibly to a specific high affinity site on the extracytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit of the Na+ K+ ATPase. This…