…not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy, usually retinal haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilloedema…

…occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and…

…Sit the patient up again and observe the eyes for a further period — reversal of the nystagmus is common. 6. Repeat on the left side…

…pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain…