…not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy, usually retinal haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilloedema…

…occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and brain. Its clinical retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and…

…recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side…

…pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain…