…recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side…

…not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy, usually retinal haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilloedema…

…pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation during a rapid or severe rise in BP. This may produce acute injury in the brain, retina, heart, aorta…

…pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain…