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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…pseudo resistance must be excluded. This includes: Poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment White coat hypertension Other contributors to apparently uncontrolled blood pressure Adherence should initially…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve (CFR), assess microvascular resistance, and investigate coronary vasospasm…

Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy

…venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance increases. Harmful neurohormonal pathways are activated, similar to those seen in heart failure. A thorough…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes…

Fractional Flow Reserve and Non-Hyperaemic Pressure Ratios

…of the clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026. They are Swedish regional recommendations and reflect Swedish resistance patterns and formulary availability; check what applies where you work…

ApoB and Non-HDL Cholesterol in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

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