…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…inspiratory increase in right ventricular volume shifts the interventricular septum leftward, further restricting left ventricular filling. The resulting reduction in left ventricular stroke volume produces…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…lines the greater vessels connected to the heart. The epicardium The outermost layer of the ventricular wall is the epicardium , which contains fibroelastic connective tissue…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…Fractional shortening (FS) is calculated by measuring the change (% reduction) in left ventricular diameter during systole. It is considered a poor measure of systolic function…

…with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients…

…also referred to as broad) QRS complexes indicate that ventricular depolarization is slow, which may be a consequence of disturbances in the electrical conduction system…

…particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of hospital deaths occur early and are commonly related…

…the ventricular cavity. Directing and focusing ultrasound waves The direction and focus of ultrasound waves can be adjusted by varying the sequence of activation of…