…going from pericardium to epicardium and when going from endocardium to the ventricular cavity. Directing and focusing ultrasound waves The direction and focus of ultrasound…

…respectively. Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the heart valves…

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

…Refraction artifact Reflection and refraction occur when ultrasound passes tissue boundaries. Tissue boundaries represent acoustic reflectors at which some of the ultrasound energy is reflected…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip …

…integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction:…

…progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and, when prolonged or severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…